Starlings are striking, social birds found across much of the world, admired for their glossy feathers and lively behaviour. They are highly adaptable, inhabiting everything from urban areas to forests and savannas, and they play important roles in ecosystems by controlling insect populations and dispersing seeds.

The White-throated Bee-eater is an intra-African migrant; it breeds in the Sahelian region along the southern edge of the Sahara and then moves south into equatorial and forested zones during the non-breeding season. In Ghana, they are most commonly seen during the dry season and are considered a non-breeding visitor or migrant when present.

With its long, angled wings and forked tail, the Black Kite is one of the world’s most widespread and recognisable raptors. It is highly adaptable to a wide range of environments. According to GBIF data, the species is observed across Africa, extending through Europe, Asia, Australia, and even the Americas.

For most birders, sexing White-crowned Robin-Chats in the field is very difficult without behavioural cues or side-by-side comparison. Often, they are recorded simply as the species, not by sex.